Hoʻololi Morphological a me biokimia i nāʻiole kāne i hānai ʻia i ka kānana genetically (Ajeeb YG)

Ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike a Pai paha: Ka Nupepa o ka ʻEpekema ʻAmelika

Heluhelu: http://www.academia.edu/3405390/Morphological_and_Biochemical_Changes_in_Male_Rats_Fed_on_Genetically_Modified_Corn_Ajeeb_YG_

Mea kākau (s): Gab-Alla, AA, El-Shamei, ZS, Shatta, AA, Moussa, EA a me Rayan, AM

Mea Pākuhi: Haʻawina Nānā Hou

Hōʻuluʻulu:

Ua hoʻolālā ʻia kēia aʻo ʻana e loiloi i ka palekana o ka kānana genetically modified (GM) (Ajeeb YG). Kolo ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā hua mai Ajeeb YG a i ʻole kona kāohi (Ajeeb) i loko o nā papa ʻaina rodent ma 30% concentrations i lawelawe ʻia. i nāʻiole (n = 10 / hui) no 45 a me 91 mau lā. Ua hānai ʻia kahi hui mana maikaʻi ʻole o nā ʻiole (n = 10 / hui) ʻAiʻAi93G Nānā ʻia nā kūlana laulā i kēlā me kēia lā, huina ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā kaupaona o ke kino i kēlā me kēia pule. Ma ka ka hoʻopau ʻana o nā wā hoʻopaʻa, kekahi mau ʻaoʻao visceral (ka puʻuwai, ka ate, nā puʻupaʻa, nā aniani a me nā ʻāpala) a me ka serum biokimia wua ana ʻia. Nā ʻikepili spehea kekahi mau helu helu ʻokoʻa i nā ʻāpana / kino kaumaha a serum biochemistry ma waenan nā ʻiole i hānai ʻia ma ka GM a me / a i ʻole kānina GM ʻole a me nā ʻiole i hānai ʻia i nā papa ʻaina AIN93G. Laulaha, Ua hana ka laʻana GM huaʻai i nā hoʻololi he nui e ka hoʻonui ʻana a hoʻemi ʻana i nā lālā / ke kaumaha o ke kino a i ʻole nā waiwai biochemistry serum. Hōʻike kēia i nā hopena maikaʻi olakino / ʻawahia o GM kulina a me nā noiʻi hou e pono ai.

Keywords: nā mea kino, ke kaupaona, biochemistry serum, nāʻiole, nā koʻokoʻo, ke kulina i hoʻololi ʻia me nā genetically (GM corn), nā ʻanoʻano genetically (GM maize, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), Bt corn, Bt maize, Mon810, ʻai hānai

Hōʻike:

Gab-Alla, AA, El-Shamei, ZS, Shatta, AA, Moussa, EA a me Rayan, AM, 2012. Hoʻololi Morphological a me biokimia i nāʻiole kāne i hānai ʻia i ke kānana genetically (Ajeeb YG). Ka Nupepa o ka ʻEpekema ʻAmelika, 8(9), pp.1117-1123.

Māhele:

Nā hopena o ka maʻi

Notes:

ʻO ke kālailai e hāhai ʻia e nā limahana o GMOS Science.

Ua helu ʻia nā kūmole helu ma ka hope o ka ʻaoʻao Context. I ka pono o ka maʻalahi o ke kuhikuhi wikiwiki, aia kekahi mau mea overlap a repetition ma waena o nā ʻāpana anamanaʻo ma lalo.

ʻO kēia ka ʻāpana 1 o kahi ʻāpana ʻelua mau aʻo. Hiki ke loaʻa ka ʻāpana 2 ma aneʻi - https://gmoresearch.org/gmo_article/Histopathological_Changes_in_Some_Organs_of_Male_Rats_Fed_on_Genetically_Modified_Corn_Ajeeb_YG_

I Ka Ikepili Nānā

Hoʻomākaukau:

Ua hōʻike ʻia kēia noiʻi ʻana e nā kānaka noiʻi ʻAigupita i loko o ʻelua mau puke hoʻolaha ʻokoʻa: Gab-Alla and mpiara (2012) [1] a me El-Shamei a me nā hoapili (2012). [2] I loko o ke aʻo ʻana, hānai ʻia nā ʻiole i ke ʻano genetically (GM) Bt insecticidal corn MON810: Ajeeb YG (kahi ʻano i hoʻomohala ʻia e Monsanto no ka mākeke ʻAigupita) no 45 a me 91 mau lā. Ua hana ʻenekini ʻia ke kulina i mea e loaʻa ai i kāna mau mea i kahi insecticide Bt toxin i manaʻo ʻia e luku i nā meaola ʻino e ʻai i ka hua.

Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā kanakē kanakolu kanakolu i ʻekolu mau pūʻulu hānai he 10 mau iole i kēlā me kēia hui. Ua hānai ʻia ka hui mua i kahi papaʻai i loaʻa i ke kolamu maʻamau. ʻO kahi hui ʻelua - ka pūʻulu hoʻomalu - hānai ʻia i kahi papaʻai i loaʻa ka 30% o ka GM non-GM Ajeeb. Ua hānai ʻia ka hui ʻekolu i ka papaʻai o 30% o GM MON810: Ajeeb YG palaoa. ʻO ka GM a me nā hua ʻole GM ʻole i wili ʻia i palaoa ma mua o ka hoʻopili ʻia ʻana i ka hānai.

ʻO ke kaumaha o ke kino o kēlā me kēiaʻiole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i kēlā me kēia pule. Ua mōhai ʻia nā holoholona a nānā ʻia ma hope o 45 mau lā a me 91 mau lā o ka hānai ʻana i nā papaʻai like ʻole. Ua kaupaona ʻia nā ʻōhua, lawe ʻia nā laʻana koko, a ua kālailai ʻia ke serum. Ua kākau ʻia nā hopena i ka paʻi mua. [1]

Ua mālama ʻia ka anamanaʻo histopathological (nīnaninau microscopic o nāʻaʻaʻa) ma ke akepaʻa, nā konāhua, nā hoʻāʻo, nā ʻāpala a me nā ʻōpū liʻiliʻi o nā ʻiole i mōhai ʻia i nā kiko manawa ʻelua e nānā i nā mea kūpono ʻole. Ua kākau ʻia kēia mau hopena i ka paʻi ʻelua. [2]

Nānā:

ʻO nā kaupaona kino a me nā meaola

Ua hōʻike nā holoholona hānai GM i nā ʻokoʻa o ke kaupaona o ke kino a me nā ʻokena, i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nāʻiole kāohi (e nānā i nā Papa 2 a me 3 i ka paʻi mua [1]).

* Mai ka hiku o ka hebedoma o ka hoʻokolohua, ʻo ke kaumaha o ka ʻiole o ke kino i ka hui i hānai ʻia e GM ma lalo o ka ʻiole ma nā hui ʻai ʻole a GM a me nā papa hana papaʻai maʻamau.
* Ma hope o 91 mau lā o ka hānai ʻana, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ke kaumaha o ka puʻuwai i ka hui GM-fed ma mua o ka hui GM-fed.
* Ua ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kaupaona nā puʻupaʻa ma ka hui GM-fed i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā non-GM-feed a me nā hui papaʻai lab maʻamau, i nā wā aʻo Ua ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kaupaona i ka hui GM-fed ma mua o ka GM-feed a me nā pūʻulu papa hana lab maʻamau, i ka manawa 91-lā.
* He ʻokoʻa ka nui o ke kaupaona ma ka hui GM-fed i loko o nā wā aʻo ʻelua (ma 45 lā ua ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe, a ma 91 mau lā ua emi ia i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā hui ʻē aʻe).
* Ua ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o nā hoʻāʻo o ka hui GM-fed ma mua o ka hana ʻole GM a me nā pūʻulu hoʻomalu ma hope o 45 mau lā akā ʻaʻohe ʻokoʻa i loaʻa ma 91 mau lā. [1]

Hiki i nā ʻokoʻa ke kino a me nā paona o ke kino ke hōʻike he mea ʻawaʻawa ka papaʻai GM. Ua hoʻokūpaʻa ʻia kēia mea ma nā ʻike histopathological i hōʻike ʻia i ka paʻi ʻelua. [2]

Nā ʻokoʻa i ka biochemistry o ke koko

Ua hōʻike nā holoholona hānai GM i nā ʻokoʻa i ka biochemistry o ke koko, i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nāʻiole kāohi (e nānā i nā Papa 4 a me 5 i ka paʻi mua [1]).

* ʻO nā pae serum o ka uric acid, ka urea a me ka creatinine (kahi huahana neoneo mai ka haki ʻana o nā mākala) i ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma ka hui GM-fed i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā pūʻulu ʻai ʻole GM a me nā papaʻai maʻamau, ma nā lā 45 a me 91. ʻO kēia mau mea i ana i ka hana o ka hakuʻala. ʻO nā pae kiʻekiʻe i loko o ka hui i hānai ʻia e GM e hōʻike i ka hana o ke kīnā ʻole.
* ʻO nā kiʻekiʻe o nā triglycerides (kahi ʻano momona) i ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma ka hui hānai GM i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā hui ʻole i hānai ʻia me GM a ma hope o 45 a me 91 mau lā. Hiki i nā pae triglycerides ke kiʻekiʻe ke alakaʻi i nā maʻi puʻuwai, ke koko kiʻekiʻe, diabetes, momona, a i ʻole nā maʻi ʻona ʻona ʻona ʻole.
* ʻO ka albumin serum, i hana ʻia mai ke ake, ua haʻahaʻa loa i ka hui i hānai ʻia e GM i nā wā aʻo ʻelua i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā hui ʻole i hānai ʻia me GM a me nā papaʻai maʻamau. Hōʻike kēia i ka hana ate i hōʻemi ʻia.
* ʻOi aku ke kiʻekiʻe o nā pae o ke akepaʻa enzyme ALP (alkaline phosphatase) i ka hui GM-fed i loko o nā wā aʻo ʻelua i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā pūʻulu ʻai ʻole GM a me nā papaʻai maʻamau. ʻO nā pae serum o ka ʻenema ate ALT (alanine transaminase) i ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma 91 mau lā i ka hui GM-fed i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā hui ʻole i hānai ʻia me GM a me nā papaʻai maʻamau. Hōʻike kēia mau hoʻololi i ka ALP a me ke ALT i ka hōʻino ʻia o ke akepaʻa i ka hui GM-feed, ʻoiai ua kulu kēia mau ʻākena i ke kahe o ke koko ke make a haki nā hunaʻi ate.
* ʻOi aku ke kiʻekiʻe o nā pae Serum o VLDL (lipoprotein haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa) a me LDL (lipoprotein haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa) i nā wā aʻo ʻelua i ka hui GM-fed me ka non-GM-fed a me nā hui papaʻai maʻamau. ʻO kēlā mau hoʻololi i ke kiʻekiʻe o ke koko lipid (momona) hiki ke alakaʻi i nā ʻano maʻi like ʻole, e like me ka maʻi maʻi ʻōpū. [1]

Ua hoʻomaopopo nā mea kākau i hiki i kēia mau hoʻololi ke hōʻike i "nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole o ke olakino / ʻino", e pono ai e hoʻokolokolo hou. [1]

Nā abnormalities Histopathological

Ua hana ka hui like o nā kānaka noiʻi i nā noiʻi histopathological (microscopic) o nā ʻiole i hānai ʻia ma luna o nā wā hoʻopaʻa he 45 a me 91 mau lā a hōʻike i nā hopena i kahi paʻi ʻokoʻa. [2] Ua loaʻa iā lākou nā hopena ʻawahia i nā kino o nā ʻiole i hānai i ka palaoa GM. Nā mea maʻamau i loaʻa i nā holoholona i hānai ʻia i ka GM (ʻaʻole naʻe i loko o nā holoholona ʻole i hānai ʻia a GM a i ʻole nā meaʻai meaʻai maʻamau) i hoʻopili ʻia:

* Hoʻomaha (hoʻokumu ʻana i nā hale mālama - no ka laʻana, o nā momona momona) i nā hunaola ate, e hōʻike ana i ka hōʻino o ke ake
* Ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa momona o nā hunaola ate
* Ka hoʻopili ʻana o nā kīʻaha koko i nā puʻupaʻa a me nā malformations cystic o nā tubules puʻupaʻa - nā hōʻailona o ka hiki ʻole o ke kīnā ʻole
* Ke ulu nui a me nā nekrosis (make) o nā ʻōpū i kapa ʻia ʻo villi
* Ua hōʻike ʻia ka nīnaninau i nā nezrosis a me ka desquamation (ka hoʻokahe ʻana) o nā hunaola spermatogonial i mua o nā hunaola sperm a no laila ke kumu o ka momona kāne. [2]

Pau nā mea kākau o ke aʻo ʻana, "Ma muli o kēia mau mea i ʻike ʻia, hōʻike mākou ʻaʻole hiki ke nānā ʻia ka makaʻu o nā mea kanu GM a pono e ʻimi hou ʻia i mea e ʻike ʻia ai nā hopena lōʻihi, inā he, ka ʻai ʻana o ka meaʻai GM." [2]

Nā ikaika:

I loko o kēia haʻawina ʻai hānai ʻiole, [1], [2] genetically modified (GM) Bt ʻoka insecticidal i hoʻololi i ka biochemistry o ke koko, hōʻino ʻia o ke koʻokoʻo (me ka hōʻino ʻia o ke ake a me nā puʻupaʻa), a me nā hopena kūpono i ka momona o nā kāne. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa wale nō i ka māno GM me ka kānana GM ʻole ʻo ia ka hoʻololi kūpuna. Pēlā nā hopena i ʻike ʻia i nā ʻiole i hānai ʻia e GM ma muli o ke kaʻina GM a ʻaʻole i nā kumu ʻē aʻe, e like me nā ʻokoʻa o nā ʻano mahi.

hoʻokau ':

ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia inā loaʻa ka ʻona mai ka ʻai ʻana o ka māno GM ma muli o ke kū ʻana o ka Bt toxin i hoʻolauna ʻia a i ʻole kekahi mau hoʻololi i makemake ʻole ʻia e ka hana GM. He palena palena ʻole kēia i ka hapanui o nā noiʻi hānai holoholona e loaʻa ka ʻino mai nā GMO. ʻO kahi laʻana, ʻaʻole i hoʻolālā ʻia nā noiʻi hānai holoholona ma nā mea kanu GM Bt e hoʻokaʻawale ma waena o ka ʻona e kupu mai ana mai ka Bt toxin a mai nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o ka hua GM i hoʻololi ʻole ʻia e ka hana hoʻololi GM.

I mea e hoʻokaʻawale ai i waena o ke kūpikipiki i ʻike ʻia ma muli o ka hoʻololi ʻia ʻana o ka toxin Bt a me nā hoʻololi ʻana i hoʻokomo ʻia e GM, kahi hui o nā holoholona e ʻai ana i ka papaʻai me ka kānana GM ʻole me ka huina Bt i hoʻohui ʻia ma ka pae like e like me ka mea i loaʻa i ka Pono e hoʻokomo i ka palaoa GM. Eia hou, i mea e hōʻoia ai i ka like o ka papaʻai GM, koi ʻia kēia e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka Bt toxin mai ka palaoa GM a laila hoʻohui ʻia i ka palaoa non-GM. He paʻakikī kēlā hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka toxin GM Bt, ʻo ia ke kumu i hoʻokomo ʻole ʻia ai kahi pūʻulu hoʻomalu i nā noiʻi hānai holoholona.

Ua nānā ka noiʻi i ke olakino o nāʻiole ma luna o ʻelua mau lā: 45 mau lā a me 91 mau lā. Ua like ka hope ma kahi o 9 mau makahiki i loko o ke kanaka. [11] Ua loaʻa ka poino nui i nā ʻino o nā ʻiole hānai GM i loko o kēia wā pōkole loa. Eia nō naʻe, hiki i ka poʻe ke ʻai i ka meaʻai GM i ko lākou ola holoʻokoʻa, no laila e mālama ʻia nā noiʻi hānai holoholona lōʻihi (2-makahiki) e ʻike ai inā ua loli nā hoʻololi i loaʻa i nāʻiole i hānai ʻia i ka GM i loko o kēia hoʻokolohua e ulu aʻe i maʻi nui aʻe. aiʻole nā mea ola i hoʻopōkole ʻia.

ʻO nāʻiole āpau i hoʻāʻo ʻia he kāne. Pono e hoʻopili ʻia nā kāne ʻelua, no ka mea, ua loaʻa ka palaoa GM i nā haʻawina hānai i kākoʻo ʻia e ka ʻoihana e hoʻopili i nā kāne a me nā wahine ma nā ʻano like ʻole. [8] Eia nō naʻe, ke hāʻawi nei kēia noiʻi i nā kāne wale nō i ka ʻike koʻikoʻi.

Kōkua:

Q&A

Q: He aha ka pilina i ke olakino kanaka?

A: Ma waena o nā hopena olakino maikaʻi ʻole i ʻike ʻia i nā ʻiole hānai GM e pili pono i nā kānaka ka hōʻino ʻia o ke ake a me ka hana o ke kīnā ʻole maikaʻi ʻole. ʻO nā hōʻailona o ka hōʻino o ke ake me nā triglycerides serum kiʻekiʻe (kahi ʻano momona) a me ka vacuolation (kahi hana ʻino e pili ana i ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o nā hale e waiho ai) a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa momona o nā hunaola ate. ʻO kēia nā hōʻailona āpau o ka maʻi akepau ʻona ʻalekohola ʻole (NAFLD), kahi maʻi ahulau i kēia manawa i nā kānaka e kū i kēia manawa i hoʻokahi o ʻekolu mau ʻAmelika. ʻO ka NAFLD ka ʻano maʻamau o nā maʻi ate i nā keiki a aneane pālua i nā makahiki he 20 i hala. Hoʻopilikia ka maʻi maʻi ʻōpū i 3% o ko ʻAmelika. [14]

ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ka pilina i nā kānaka o nā ʻōpū kikoʻī i loaʻa i nāʻiole i hānai ʻia e GM, koe wale nō ka ʻōlelo ʻana ʻo ka ulu nui ʻana i ka villi o ka ʻōpū liʻiliʻi e hoʻolei mua i kahi kanaka i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka maʻi ʻaʻai. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia inā ʻike ʻia ka nekrosis i ka villi ʻōpū o nā ʻiole e unuhi i loko o ke kanaka ma ke ʻano he "leaky gut", kahi ʻano e pili ana i ka permeability o ka ʻōpū e hoʻopili ai kekahi mau kauka i nā maʻi hōʻeha.

Q: He aha ka mea i hopena ai i nā hopena i ʻike ʻia i nāʻiole i hānai ʻia e GM?

A: i ka laina me ka hana maikaʻi loa no nā hoʻāʻo hānai GMO, ʻo ka kānana kāohi ʻole GM he "isogenic" i ka palaoa GM. "Isogenic" ʻo ia hoʻi ka loaʻa ʻana o ka moʻomeheu like me ka palaoa GM akā me ka ʻole o ka loli. Eia kekahi, ua ulu nā ʻano kulina ʻelua i ka manawa like a ma lalo o nā kūlana like, me nā ʻano hana hoʻokele like. [5] ʻO kēia ke kumu o nā hoʻololi i ʻike ʻia i nā ʻiole i hānai ʻia e GM ma muli o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka palaoa i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka hoʻololi kūlohelohe, ʻaʻole ma nā ʻano kaiapuni like ʻole a i ʻole nā hana hoʻomalu i ka wā mahi.

ʻAʻole naʻe i ʻike ʻia, inā paha ka ʻona i loaʻa mai ka ʻai ʻana o ka palaoa GM ma muli o ke kū ʻana o ka Bt toxin i hoʻolauna ʻia a i ʻole kekahi mau hoʻololi i makemake ʻole ʻia e ka hana GM. He palena palena ʻole kēia i ka hapanui o nā noiʻi hānai holoholona e loaʻa ka ʻino mai nā GMO. ʻO kahi laʻana, ʻaʻole i hoʻolālā ʻia nā noiʻi hānai holoholona ma nā mea kanu GM Bt e hoʻokaʻawale ma waena o ka ʻona e kupu mai ana mai ka Bt toxin a mai nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o ka hua GM i hoʻololi ʻole ʻia e ka hana hoʻololi GM.

Q: Pehea e pili ai nā hopena i nā mea o nā noi ʻē aʻe?

A: ʻO nā mea kūpono ʻole i loko o ka ʻōpū o nā holoholona i hānai ʻia me GM e kūlike me nā hopena o nā noi ʻē aʻe. ʻO kahi laʻana, i hoʻokahi o nā noi ʻana, hānai nāʻiole iā GM Bt kaʻuala i ulu nui a me nā mea pono ʻole o ke kelepona i loko o ka villi o ka ʻōpū liʻiliʻi (Fares and El-Sayed, 1998). [6] I loko o kahi noi ʻē aʻe, ua hānai nā ʻiole i nā ʻuala GM e hōʻike ana i kahi protein insecticidal ʻokoʻa (Galanthus nivalis lectin a i ʻole GNA no ka pōkole) ua ulu nui ka pūnaewele i loko o nā ʻōpū liʻiliʻi a nui (Ewen a me Pusztai, 1999), .

Ua ʻike pū ʻia nā ʻōuli o ke akepaʻa a me ke ake kolohe ma ka loiloi o 90 mau lā i kākoʻo ʻia e ka ʻoihana i ka hana hānai i nā ʻiole ʻelua ma nā ʻano huina GM Bt (De Vendomois a me nā hoapili, 2009). [8] A i loko o kahi hanauna he ʻekolu hanauna, ua hānai nā ʻiole i ka palaoa GM Bt i hōʻino ʻia i ke akepaʻa a me nā puʻupaʻa a me nā loli i ke koko biochemistry (Kilic and Akay, 2008). [9]

Q: ʻAʻole kūʻē ka haʻawina GMO90 + i kākoʻo kālā ʻia e EU?

A: ʻO kahi noi i uku kālā ʻia e EU (Coumoul a me nā hoapili, 2018) i kāhea ʻia ʻo GMO90 + kānana GM MON810 ma nāʻiole Wistar ma kahi o 6 mau mahina a ua hōʻike ʻia "ʻaʻohe hopena maikaʻi" mai ka papaʻai GM, i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka ʻano isogenic non-GM. [10]

Eia nō naʻe, ʻokoʻa kēia aʻo [10] i ka hoʻolālā a me ka wehewehe ʻana mai ka hoʻopaʻa na Gab-Alla a me nā hoapili [1] a me El-Shamei a me nā hoapili [2] a no laila ʻaʻole like. ʻO ka mea mua, e pili ana i ka hoʻolālā, ʻoiai ua loiloi nā loiloi ʻelua i ka palaoa GM me ka hanana "hanana" GM (MON810) like, aia kēia i nā genetics kāʻei kua o nā ʻano kulina, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻaʻole i hoʻohālikelike ʻia. Pēlā nā hopena i loaʻa mai hoʻokahi hoʻopaʻa ʻana ʻaʻole "hoʻopau" i nā hopena mai kahi ʻē aʻe.

ʻO ka lua, a ʻo ka mea nui loa, ʻo ka ʻokoʻa ma ka wehewehe ʻana aia ma ka noi i uku kālā ʻia e EU, ua loaʻa kekahi mau ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi i loko o nāʻiole i hānai ʻia e GM, akā ua hoʻokuʻu nā mea kākau iā lākou ma ke ʻano he biologically, me ka ʻole o ka ʻepekema e hoʻāpono ai. [10 ] I ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ke ala wale nō e ʻike ai inā pili kēia biologically i kēia mau hoʻololi e hoʻolōʻihi i ka lōʻihi o ke aʻo ʻana ma mua o 6 mau mahina a i ʻelua mau makahiki a ʻoi. Hāʻawi kēia i ka manawa no nā hopena olakino lōʻihi e hōʻike piha ʻia. Ma ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, a me ke kūlike me ka hana ʻepekema maikaʻi, ʻaʻole i kāpae ʻo Gab-Alla a me nā hoapili [1] a me El-Shamei a me nā hoapili [2] i nā ʻokoʻa nui i loko o nāʻiole i hānai ʻia e ka GM, akā ua mālama pono iā lākou.

Hoʻohui ʻia, i loko o ke aʻo kālā i kākoʻo kālā ʻia e EU, ʻo nā hānai āpau i hoʻohana ʻia, e like me nā hānai kaohi, ua hoʻohaumia ʻia me nā koena o ka mea kanu lāʻau glyphosate. [10] Hiki i kēia ke hoʻohui i ka "halulu ʻikepili" i nā hopena, ʻo ia hoʻi ua uhi ʻia nā hoʻololi ma muli o ke kumu GM o ka papaʻai.

Q: He aha nā palena o ka lōʻihi o ke aʻo?

A. Ua noiʻi ka noiʻi i ke olakino o nāʻiole ma luna o ʻelua mau lā: 45 mau lā a me 91 mau lā. Ua like ka hope ma kahi o 9 mau makahiki i loko o ke kanaka. [11] Ua loaʻa ka poino nui i nā ʻino o nā ʻiole hānai GM i loko o kēia wā pōkole loa. Eia nō naʻe, hiki i ka poʻe ke ʻai i ka meaʻai GM i loko o ko lākou ola holoʻokoʻa, no laila e mālama ʻia nā haʻawina hānai holoholona lōʻihi (2-makahiki) e ʻike ai inā ua loli nā hoʻololi i loaʻa i nāʻiole i hānai ʻia i ka GM i loko o kēia hoʻokolohua e ulu aʻe i maʻi nui aʻe. aiʻole nā mea ola i hoʻopōkole ʻia.

Q: Aia paha kahi helu kūpono o nāʻiole i ke aʻo ʻana?

A: ʻAʻohe kūlana i ʻae ʻia no nā helu o nā ʻiole e pono e hoʻopili ʻia i kēlā me kēia hui i nā noiʻi hānai GMO. Eia nō naʻe, ua helu ʻia ka helu i hoʻohana ʻia i kēia hoʻokolohua (10 no kēlā me kēia hui) i nā noiʻi i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia e ʻōlelo ai ua palekana nā GMO. [12] Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ia i ka helu (ʻano ʻokoʻa ma waena o 5 a me 20) i hoʻohana ʻia e nā ʻoihana GMO i nā noiʻi e kākoʻo i nā ʻae hoʻokele. [13]

ʻO ka Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), ka mea e hoʻonohonoho ana i nā kūlana o ka honua no ka hoʻāʻo holoholona ʻana i nā kemika e kākoʻo i nā ʻae hoʻokele, ua paipai iā 20 mau holoholona no kēlā me kēia kāne no kēlā me kēia hui no kahi loiloi ʻona o ka lōʻihi o kēia. Eia naʻe, he 10 mau holoholona wale no ke kāne no kēlā me kēia hui (50%) e kālailai ʻia no ke kemika o ke koko a me ka mimi [14] - ka helu like i kālailai ʻia i kēia noi. Pēlā i hōʻiliʻili ai ka noiʻi i ka ʻikepili mai ka helu like o nā ʻiole e like me ka maʻamau OECD, akā ʻokoʻa ka ʻōlelo a ka OECD, 100% o nā holoholona i kālailai ʻia. ʻO kēia kahi ʻano hana ʻoi loa e kālailai wale ʻia he 50% o nā holoholona, ʻoiai he "bias koho" (ke koho ʻana i nā holoholona e kālailai a hoʻopaʻa moʻolelo paha mai) hiki ʻole.

Q: ʻO nāʻiole āpau i hoʻāʻo ʻia he kāne. He palena paha kēia?

A: Pono pono e hoʻopili i nā kāne ʻelua, no ka mea, ua ʻike ʻia ka palaoa GM i loko o nā haʻawina hānai i kākoʻo ʻia e ka ʻoihana e hoʻololi i nā kāne a me nā wahine i nā ʻano like ʻole. [8] Eia nō naʻe, ke hāʻawi nei kēia aʻo ʻana i nā kāne wale nō.

Q: Ua hoʻāʻo ʻia ka hua GM i kēia hoʻokolohua ʻano o nā mea kanu GM ma ka mākeke i kēia lā?

A: Ua hoʻāʻo kēia hoʻokolohua i kahi hua GM huaʻai hoʻokahi, akā ʻo ka hapa nui o nā mea kanu GM i kēia manawa ma ka mākeke i loaʻa nā ʻano he nui ("stacked") - no ka laʻana, he nui nā toxins Bt a me nā gen e ʻae ana i ka hoʻomanawanui herbicide. Pono ke nānā ʻana i nā mea hānai holoholona i ka wā e hiki mai ana i nā mea kanu i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ulu hou ʻia, i ulu ʻia me nā mea lāʻau a me nā kemika ʻē aʻe i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i ka pōʻai mahi.

Kuhi:

ʻO nā mea kūpono ʻole i loko o ka villi ʻōpū o nā holoholona hānai GM e kūlike me nā hopena o nā noiʻi ʻē aʻe. ʻO kahi laʻana, i hoʻokahi o nā noi ʻana, hānai nāʻiole iā GM Bt kaʻuala i ulu nui a me nā mea pono ʻole o ke kelepona i loko o ka villi o ka ʻōpū liʻiliʻi (Fares and El-Sayed, 1998). [6] I loko o kahi noi ʻē aʻe, ua hānai nā ʻiole i nā ʻuala GM e hōʻike ana i kahi protein insecticidal ʻokoʻa (Galanthus nivalis lectin a i ʻole GNA no ka pōkole) ua ulu nui ka pūnaewele i loko o nā ʻōpū liʻiliʻi a nui (Ewen a me Pusztai, 1999), .

Nā kūmole no ke kālailai ʻana.

1. Gab-Alla AA, El-Shamei ZS, Shatta AA, Moussa EA, Rayan AM. Hoʻololi Morphological a me biokimia i nāʻiole kāne i hānai ʻia i ka kānana genetically modified (Ajeeb YG). ʻO J Am Sci. 2012; 8 (9): 1117-1123. https://gmoresearch.org/gmo_article/morphological-and-biochemical-changes-in-male-rats-fed-on-genetically-modified-corn-ajeeb-yg.

2. El-Shamei ZS, Gab-Alla AA, Shatta AA, Moussa EA, Rayan AM. Hoʻololi nā Histopathological i kekahi mau lālā o nāʻiole kāne i hānai ʻia i ka kānana genetically modified (Ajeeb YG). ʻO J Am Sci. 2012; 8 (10): 684-696. https://gmoresearch.org/gmo_article/Histopathological_Changes_in_Some_Organs_of_Male_Rats_Fed_on_Genetically_Modified_Corn_Ajeeb_YG_.

3. ʻO ka hoʻokumu paʻa kino ʻAmelika. ALF NAFLD a me NASH Overview 2018.; 2018. https://liverfoundation.org/for-patients/about-the-liver/diseases-of-the-liver/non-alcoholic-fatty-liver-disease/.

4. National Institute of Diabetes a me nā Digestive a me nā maʻi kīnā. ʻO nā helu helu maʻi maʻi hōʻino no ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. niddk.nih.gov. https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-statistics/kidney-disease. Paʻi ʻia 2016. Loaʻa iā Pepeluali 18, 2019.

5. Shatta AA, Rayan AM, El-Shamei ZS, Gab-Alla AA, Moussa EA. Ke aʻo hoʻohālikelike o nā ʻano physicochemical o ka aila mai ke kolamu transgenic (Ajeeb YG) me kāna ʻaoʻao non-transgenic. Austin Meaʻai Sci. 2016; 1 (5): 1023. https://gmoresearch.org/gmo_article/comparative-study-of-the-physicochemical-characteristics-of-oil-from-transgenic-corn-ajeeb-yg-with-its-non-transgenic-counterpart/.

6. Pālolo NH, El-Sayed AK. ʻO nā loli kūkulu maikaʻi i ka ileum o nāʻiole i hānai ʻia i nā ʻoka delta-endotoxin i mālama ʻia a me nā uala transgenic. Nat Toxins. 1998; 6 (6): 219-233. https://gmoresearch.org/gmo_article/fine-structural-changes-in-the-ileum-of-mice-fed-on-delta-endotoxin-treated-potatoes-and-transgenic-potatoes.

7. Ewen SW, Pusztai A. Nā hopena o nā papaʻai i loaʻa i nā ʻuala i hoʻololi ʻia e hōʻike ana iā Galanthus nivalis lektin i ka ʻōpū liʻiliʻi o kaʻiole. Lancet. 1999; 354 (9187): 1353-1354. hana: 10.1016 / S0140-6736 (98) 05860-7. https://gmoresearch.org/gmo_article/effect-of-diets-containing-genetically-modified-potatoes-expressing-galanthus-nivalis-lectin-on-rat-small-intestine.

8. De Vendomois JS, Roullier F, Cellier D, Séralini GE. Hoʻohālikelike o nā hopena o ʻekolu mau ʻano kulina GM ma ke olakino mammalian. ʻO Int J Biol Sci. 2009; 5: 706-26. https://gmoresearch.org/gmo_article/a-comparison-of-the-effects-of-three-gm-corn-varieties-on-mammalian-health.

9. Kilic A, Akay MT. ʻO kahi hoʻopaʻa he hanauna ʻekolu me ka kānana Bt i hoʻoponopono ʻia i ka genetically i nāʻiole: ʻO ka hoʻokolohua Biochemical a me ka histopathological. Meaʻai Chem Toxicol. 2008; 46: 1164-70. hana: 10.1016 / j.fct.2007.11.016 https://gmoresearch.org/gmo_article/a-three-generation-study-with-genetically-modified-bt-corn-in-rats-biochemical-and-histopathological-investigation.

10. Coumoul X, Servien R, Juricek L, et al. ʻO ka papahana GMO90 +: ka loaʻa ʻole o nā hōʻike no ka hopena biologically effects of genetically modised maize based-diet on Wistar rats ma hope o 6-mahina e ʻai ana i ka hoʻokolokolo hoʻohālikelike. Toxicol Sci. 2018. doi: 10.1093 / toxsci / kfy298

11. Sengupta P. Kaʻiole keʻena hoʻokolohua: E pili ana i kona mau makahiki me ko kā kānaka. ʻO Int J Prev Med. 2013; 4 (6): 624-630. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3733029/. Loaʻa iā Ianuali 13, 2019.

12. Snell C, Aude B, Bergé J, et al. ʻO ka loiloi i ka hopena olakino o nā papaʻai mea kanu GM i nā hoʻokolohua hānai holoholona lōʻihi a me nā hanauna nui: He loiloi palapala. Meaʻai Chem Toxicol. 2012; 50 (3-4): 1134-1148. http://www.sciencingirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278691511006399.

13. Ricroch AE, Boisron A, Kuntz M. Ke nānā nei i hope i ka loiloi palekana o ka meaʻai / hānai GM: kahi loiloi piha loa o nā noi hānai holoholona 90 lā. Int J Biotechnol. 2014; 13 (4): 230-256. hana: 10.1504 / IJBT.2014.068940

14. ʻOihana no ka Hoʻohui waiwai a me ke kūkulu ʻana (OECD). ʻO ke alakaʻi ʻo OECD no. 408 no ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i nā kemika: Haʻawina hou 90-lā ʻona e aʻo ai i ka lāʻau ʻōpala i nā koʻokoʻo: ʻĀpono ʻia 21 Kepakemapa 1998. 1998.

ho'ēmi ': Ka Ikepili i hāʻawi ʻia e https://www.gmoscience.org/gm-bt-corn-caused-organ-damage-and-altered-blood-biochemistry-and-threatened-male-fertility/

Palapala ID: 726