Agriculture Alters Gonadal Form and Function in the Toad Bufo marinus

Journal or Publishing Institution: Environmental Health Perspectives

Study: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2592273/

Author(s): McCoy, K.A., Bortnick, L.J., Campbell, C.M., Hamlin, H.J., Guillette Jr, L.J. and Mary, C.M.

Article Type: Peer Reviewed Study

Record ID: 1534

Abstract:

Background
Many agricultural contaminants disrupt endocrine systems of wildlife. However, evidence of endocrine disruption in wild amphibians living in agricultural areas has been controversial. Typically, studies on the effects of pollutants on wildlife attempt to compare polluted with unpolluted sites.

Objectives
We took a novel approach to address this question by explicitly quantifying the relationship between gonadal abnormalities and habitats characterized by differing degrees of agricultural activity.

Methods
We quantified the occurrence of gonadal abnormalities and measures of gonadal function in at least 20 giant toads (Bufo marinus) from each of five sites that occur along a gradient of increasing agricultural land use from 0 to 97%.

Results
The number of abnormalities and frequency of intersex gonads increased with agriculture in a dose-dependent fashion. These gonadal abnormalities were associated with altered gonadal function. Testosterone, but not 17β-estradiol, concentrations were altered and secondary sexual traits were either feminized (increased skin mottling) or demasculinized (reduced forearm width and nuptial pad number) in intersex toads. Based on the end points we examined, female morphology and physiology did not differ across sites. However, males from agricultural areas had hormone concentrations and secondary sexual traits that were intermediate between intersex toads and non-agricultural male toads. Skin coloration at the most agricultural site was not sexually dimorphic; males had female coloration.

Conclusions
Steroid hormone concentrations and secondary sexual traits correlate with reproductive activity and success, so affected toads likely have reduced reproductive success. These reproductive abnormalities could certainly contribute to amphibian population declines occurring in areas exposed to agricultural contaminants.

Keywords: Vitellogenin, Aromatase, Oogenesis, Reproductive Behavior, Endocrine Singaling, Mating, Steroidogenesis, Bufo Marinus (Giant Toads), Humans, Frogs, Animals, Amphibians, Mammals, Intersex (hermaphroditism), Intersex Condition, Testosterone, Atrazine, Estradiol, Glyphosate, Ovaries, Exposure, Gonads; Amphibians, Endocrine Disruption, Intersex Pesticides, Secondary Sexual Traits

Citation: McCoy, K.A., Bortnick, L.J., Campbell, C.M., Hamlin, H.J., Guillette Jr, L.J. and Mary, C.M., 2008. Agriculture alters gonadal form and function in the toad Bufo marinus. Environmental Health Perspectives, 116(11), p.1526.